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Ammonia transporter
Ammonia transporters are structurally related membrane transport proteins called Amt proteins (ammonia transporters) in bacteria and plants, methylammonium/ammonium permeases (MEPs) in yeast, or Rhesus proteins (Rh) in chordates. In humans, the RhAG, RhBG, and RhCG Rhesus proteins constitute solute carrier family 42 whilst RhD and RhCE form the Rh blood group system. The three-dimensional structure of the ammonia transport protein AmtB from ''Escherichia coli'' has been determined by x-ray crystallography〔; 〕〔; 〕 revealing a hydrophobic ammonia channel. The human RhCG ammonia transporter was found to have a similar ammonia-conducting channel structure.〔 It was proposed that the erythrocyte Rh complex is a heterotrimer of RhAG, RhD, and RhCE subunits in which RhD and RhCE might play roles in anchoring the ammonia-conducting RhAG subunit to the cytoskeleton. Based on reconstitution experiments, purified RhCG subunits alone can function to transport ammonia. RhCG is required for normal acid excretion by the mouse kidney and epididymis.
== Structure ==
The structure of the ammonia channel from ''E. coli'',〔〔 was, at the time of its publication, the highest resolution structure of any integral membrane protein. It shows a trimer of subunits, each made up of 11 transmembrane helices and containing a pseudo two-fold symmetry. Each monomer contains a hydrophobic ammonia conducting channel. Within the channel are two signature histidine residues which are entirely conserved in the family of active transporters.
While prokaryotic ammonia channel proteins have an N-terminal region which acts as a signal sequence and is cleaved in the mature protein, the Rhesus glycoproteins retain this as a 12th transmembrane helix in the mature protein.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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